I.  Spatial fire interactions: expressed in terms of indraft velocity and direction, burning rate, flame dimensions, etc.

A.  Mass ignition

1.  Pool fires

2.  Solid fuel fires

3.  Spotting and coalescence

4.  Field scale (bombs, earthquakes, etc.)

B.  Line fire junctions

C.  Flame pulsation – related to area or diameter

II.  Relation to firestorms

III.  Summary

A.  What we know

B.  What we don’t know

C.  Future research needs

I.  Introduction

A.  Define vortices

B.  Importance to extreme fire behavior

II.  Vorticity Basics

A.  Define vorticity

B.  Vorticity equation (general concept)

C.  Description of forcing terms

III.  Fire Whirls

A.  Descriptions from case studies

B.  Forcing mechanisms and their relation to the vorticity equation

C.  Laboratory scale studies

D.  Modeling studies

IV.  Horizontal Vortices

A.  Description of various types

B.  Forcing mechanisms and their relation to the vorticity equation

C.  Laboratory scale studies

D.  Modeling studies

V.  Fire Behavior Implications

A.  How fires alter ambient vorticity

B.  Importance to extreme fire behavior

C.  Models and predictive tools

VI.  Summary

A.  What we know

B.  What we don’t know

C.  Future research needs

I.          Introduction

A.  Characteristics of crown fuels & fires

B.  Reviews of crown fire behavior (by Alexander and others)

C.  Parameters by which to compare crown fires  (rate of advance, fuel consumption, fire energy release rates, flame height, convective column characteristics)

D.  Historical classifications (passive vs. active vs. independent, plume-dominated vs. wind driven)

II.        Initiation

A.  Mechanisms for transition from surface fire to crown fire as given by theory and  observations

B.  Models and predictive tools

III.       Spread

A.  Mechanisms for spread, as given by theory, observations (radiation, convection, contact, spotting)

B.  Models and predictive tools

IV.    Atmospheric influences on crown fire initiation and spread

V.  Fuel Influences on crown fire initiation and spread

A.  Steady characteristics: Physical compositions / stratification, parameters (canopy cover, crown bulk density, crown base height, etc.), spatially varying fuel characteristics (i.e. crown fires coming upon treated area).

B.  Evolving characteristics: State (i.e. moisture content)

VI.  Assessing crown fire potential – Effectiveness of fuel treatments on changing crown fire characteristics

A.  Big picture perspective on how this is believed / supposed to work

B.  Physical science insights (flow through vegetation stuff, effects of burning vegetation on canopy fire, Knight studies and Taylor ICFME)

VII.  Crown fire Phenomena (probably CrossRef in contrast to Sect2)

A.  Forward bursts

B.  Vortices (vertical and horizontal) (CrossRef Sect 6:III-6:IV)

1.  Rotation of smoke column

2.  Separate flame-filled vortices

C.  Streets

D.  Microscale effects:  flames on lee of trees (photography)

E.   Event-scale dynamics (placeholder. Flow-induced fingering)

VIII.  Summary

A.  What we know

B.  What we don’t know

C.  Future research needs

I.  Plume structure: synthetic description

A.  Project Flambeau

B.  Reid and Vines

C.  Taylor et al. in Australia

D.  Banta et al.

E.  Goens & Andrews

F.  Clements et al.

II.  Byram’s Power of the fire and Power of the wind

A.  Review (calculation, assumptions, Nelson’s derivation)

B.  Critique (impact of assumptions, height-dependence, operational use?)

C.  Open scientific questions

D.  Implications for management and safety (including Models and predictive tools

III.   Byram’s Adverse Profiles

A.  Review (cases, types, forgotten comments on wind direction)

B.  Critique (cropping sounding bases, distinctions among types, importance of direction)

C.  Open scientific questions

D.  Implications for management & safety (including Models and predictive tools)

IV.  Brotak and Reifsnyder, and Haines on stability and moisture

A.  Review (cases considered, measures of behavior)

B.  Critique (how it was translated to training, limitations)

C.  Open scientific questions

D.  Implications for management & safety (including Models and predictive tools)

V.  Plume collapse – distinguish from downburst

A.  Review (literature and evidence?)

B.  Critique ()

C.  Open scientific questions

D.  Implications for management & safety (including Models and predictive tools)

VI.  Downbursts

A.  Review (Goens & Andrews, basic dynamics, contrast with descending rear inflow and relate to storm literature)

B.  Critique (microphysics, wind profiles, etc.)

C.  Open scientific questions

D.  Implications for management & safety (including Models and predictive tools)

VII.  Spotting

A.  Review (Cite case studies like Polo, Mack Lake, any others?, relate to wind profiles)

B.  Critique (????)

C.  Open scientific questions

D.  Implications for management & safety (including Models and predictive tools)

VIII.  Summary

A.  What we know

B.  What we don’t know

C.        Future research needs

I.          Introduction

A. Overview of the mountain atmosphere

B. Current state of the knowledge of mountain circulation systems

II.        Synoptically-driven/terrain-forced winds

A.  Mountain and lee waves

B.  Downslope wind storms (Foehn, Chinook, Santa Ana, Sundowner)

C.  Gaps and saddles

D.  Synoptic frontal passages

E.   Seabreeze passages

F.   Airmass storms

G.  Models and predictive tools

III.       Turbulence structure in the mountain atmosphere

A.  Background turbulence

B.  Enhanced turbulent flow over and around mountains / hills

IV.       Resulting fire behavior in mountainous terrain

A.  Anecdotal

B.  Field experiments

C.  Model simulations

D.  Fire behavior on slopes (including thermal belt)

E.   Ridge-valley extremes

F.   Models and predictive tools

V.        Summary

A.  What we know

B.  What we don’t know

C.  Future research needs